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The Invasion of Russia (June 1941 - December 1941)

The Invasion of Russia (June 1941 - December 1941)

Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on June 22nd, 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mile) front. It was the largest military offensive in history. In addition to the large number of troops, it also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses. Planning for Operation Barbarossa started on December 18th, 1940; the secret preparations and the military operation itself lasted almost a year, from spring to winter 1941.

Barbarossa's operational goal was the rapid conquest of the European part of the Soviet Union west of a line connecting the cities of Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan, often called the A-A line (see the translation of Hitler's directive for details). At its end in January 1942, the Red Army had repelled the Wehrmacht's strongest blow. Adolf Hitler had not achieved the expected victory, but the Soviet Union's situation remained dire. Tactically, the Germans had won some resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the country, mainly in Ukraine. Despite these successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could never mount an offensive simultaneously along the entire strategic Soviet-German front again.

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German Wounded Soldiers - Six Figures German Wounded Soldiers - Six Figures (1:72 Scale)

The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces, from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht also included the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and the Luftwaffe (Air Force).

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German Officers - Five Figures German Officers - Five Figures (1:72 Scale)

The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces, from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht also included the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and the Luftwaffe (Air Force).

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German Engineering Corps - Five Figures German Engineering Corps - Five Figures (1:72 Scale)

The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces, from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht also included the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and the Luftwaffe (Air Force).

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German Karl Gerat Crew Members Set 2 - Five Figures German Karl Gerat Crew Members Set 2 - Five Figures (1:72 Scale)

The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the German armed forces, from 1935 to 1945. The Wehrmacht also included the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and the Luftwaffe (Air Force).

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Captured German T-34/76 Medium Tank - 6.Panzer Division, Kaluga, Eastern Front, 1941 Captured German T-34/76 Medium Tank - 6.Panzer Division, Kaluga, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The first generation T-34 medium tank made its debut in combat during the summer of 1941, when the Wehrmacht launched its invasion of the Soviet Union. The T-34 easily outclassed the German PzKpfw III and IV models, thanks to its hard-hitting 76.2mm main gun, thick frontal armor, wide tracks, and overall superior mobility.

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German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

One of the problems presented by the original policy of purchasing commercially based vehicles for military usage was the vast diversity of makes taken on to the inventory, and the associated maintenance and spares supply problem. Different makes of engine, transmission, chassis, and so on meant that the stock of spares needed was immense.

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German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1943 German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1943 (1:72 Scale)

One of the problems presented by the original policy of purchasing commercially based vehicles for military usage was the vast diversity of makes taken on to the inventory, and the associated maintenance and spares supply problem. Different makes of engine, transmission, chassis, and so on meant that the stock of spares needed was immense.

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German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 German Horch 108 Type 40 Command Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

One of the problems presented by the original policy of purchasing commercially based vehicles for military usage was the vast diversity of makes taken on to the inventory, and the associated maintenance and spares supply problem. Different makes of engine, transmission, chassis, and so on meant that the stock of spares needed was immense.

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Soviet T-34/76 Medium Tank - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 Soviet T-34/76 Medium Tank - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The first generation T-34 medium tank made its debut in combat during the summer of 1941, when the Wehrmacht launched its invasion of the Soviet Union. The T-34 easily outclassed the German PzKpfw III and IV models, thanks to its hard-hitting 76.2mm main gun, thick frontal armor, wide tracks, and overall superior mobility.

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Soviet T-34/76 Medium Tank - 1st Moscow Motorized Rifle Division, July 1941 Soviet T-34/76 Medium Tank - 1st Moscow Motorized Rifle Division, July 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The first generation T-34 medium tank made its debut in combat during the summer of 1941, when the Wehrmacht launched its invasion of the Soviet Union. The T-34 easily outclassed the German PzKpfw III and IV models, thanks to its hard-hitting 76.2mm main gun, thick frontal armor, wide tracks, and overall superior mobility.

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Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-1E Ehkranami Tank - Crush the Fascist Vipers, 86th Tank Battalion, Leningrad Front, September 1941 Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-1E 'Ehkranami' Heavy Tank - "Crush the Fascist Vipers", 86th Tank Battalion, Leningrad Front, September 1941 (1:72 Scale)

Design on the KV-1 heavy tank began in 1938, with the intention that it should be the successor to the T-35 heavy tank. The first models of the KV-1 were field-tested during the Red Army's disastrous 1940 campaign in Finland.

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Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-1B Heavy Tank - 124th Guards Tank Brigade, Leningrad, 1941 Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-1B Heavy Tank - 124th Guards Tank Brigade, Leningrad, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

Design on the KV-1 heavy tank began in 1938, with the intention that it should be the successor to the T-35 heavy tank. The first models of the KV-1 were field-tested during the Red Army's disastrous 1940 campaign in Finland.

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German Horch 108 Type 1A Command Car - Unidentified Unit, European Theatre of Operations, 1941 German Horch 108 Type 1A Command Car - Unidentified Unit, European Theatre of Operations, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

One of the problems presented by the original policy of purchasing commercially based vehicles for military usage was the vast diversity of makes taken on to the inventory, and the associated maintenance and spares supply problem. Different makes of engine, transmission, chassis, and so on meant that the stock of spares needed was immense.

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German Sd. Kfz. 11 3-Ton Personnel Carrier / Prime Mover - 11.Panzer Division, Eastern Front, 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 11 3-Ton Personnel Carrier / Prime Mover - 11.Panzer Division, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The Sd.Kfz. 11 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug - special motorized vehicle) was a German half-track that saw very widespread use in World War II. Its main role was as a prime mover for medium towed guns ranging from the 3.7 cm FlaK 43 anti-aircraft gun up to the 10.5 cm leFH 18 field howitzer. It could carry eight troops in addition to towing a gun or trailer.

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German Sd. Kfz. 231 Armored Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 231 Armored Car - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The Leichter Panzerspahwagen (roughly "Light Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle") were a series of light 4 x 4 armored cars produced by Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1944.

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Soviet GAZ 67B Staff Vehicle Soviet GAZ 67B Staff Vehicle (1:43 Scale)

In 1938, with the start of World War II looming, the Russian Automobile Co., GAZ, started the development and production of 4x4 vehicles for the Russian Army. Their first model was the GAZ 61, designed to fill the same needs as the Bantam BRC40 jeep built in Butler, PA by the Americans.

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German Sd. Kfz. 141 PzKpfw III Ausf. G Medium Tank - "223", II./Panzer Regiment.35, 4.Panzer Division, 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 141 PzKpfw III Ausf. G Medium Tank - "223", II./Panzer Regiment.35, 4.Panzer Division, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

As early as 1934/35, General Heinz Guderian envisioned two basic types of armor to act as the lead elements of the future German Panzer Divisions. The first vehicle was to be armed with an anti-tank gun and two machine guns while the second one was to be a support vehicle, armed with a larger caliber gun.

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German Sd. Kfz. 161 PzKpfw IV Ausf. E Medium Tank German Sd. Kfz. 161 PzKpfw IV Ausf. E Medium Tank (1:72 Scale)

Just one month prior to the commencement of "Operation Typhoon" (the German assault on Moscow) the Waffenamt was scheduled to begin installing the long-barreled 7.5cm KwK gun on its new Mark IV Ausf G tanks.

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Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-2 Heavy Tank - For Stalin!, Russia, Autumn 1941 Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-2 Heavy Tank - "For Stalin!", Russia, Autumn 1941 (1:72 Scale)

Design on the KV-1 heavy tank began in 1938, with the intention that it should be the successor to the T-35 heavy tank. The first models of the KV-1 were field-tested during the Red Army's disastrous 1940 campaign in Finland.

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German Opel Blitz Ambulance Truck - Sanitatsabteilung (Medical Detachment), 30.Infanterie Divison, Russia, Autumn 1941 German Opel Blitz Ambulance Truck - Sanitatsabteilung (Medical Detachment), 30.Infanterie Divison, Russia, Autumn 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The 3-ton Opel "Blitz" truck was the Wehrmacht's principal general-purpose truck during the Second World War. The engine was a water-cooled, straight-six OHV gasoline unit of 3.6 liters that was fueled by a 21.6 gallon gasoline tank situated under the driver's seat.

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German Opel Blitz Cargo Truck - Pioniere Abteilung 18, 18.Infanterie Division, Lithuania, June 1941 German Opel Blitz Cargo Truck - Pioniere Abteilung 18, 18.Infanterie Division, Lithuania, June 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The 3-ton Opel "Blitz" truck was the Wehrmacht's principal general-purpose truck during the Second World War. The engine was a water-cooled, straight-six OHV gasoline unit of 3.6 liters that was fueled by a 21.6 gallon gasoline tank situated under the driver's seat.

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German Opel Blitz Cargo Truck with 2cm FLaK Gun on Portee Mount - Luftwaffe FLaK Abteilung 74, Russia, 1941 German Opel Blitz Cargo Truck with 2cm FLaK Gun on Portee Mount - Luftwaffe FLaK Abteilung 74, Russia, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The 3-ton Opel "Blitz" truck was the Wehrmacht's principal general-purpose truck during the Second World War. The engine was a water-cooled, straight-six OHV gasoline unit of 3.6 liters that was fueled by a 21.6 gallon gasoline tank situated under the driver's seat.

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German Sd. Kfz. 7 8-Ton Personnel Carrier / Prime Mover - Regiment (mot) Hermann Goring, Eastern Front, Summer 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 7 8-Ton Personnel Carrier / Prime Mover - Regiment (mot) Hermann Goring, 11.Panzer-Division, Heersgruppe Sud, Eastern Front, Summer 1941 (1:72 Scale)

Development of the Sd. Kfz. 7 can be traced back to a 1934 requirement for an 8-ton half-track. The vehicle first appeared in 1938 and was destined to be used mainly as the tractor for the 8.8cm flak gun. The Sd. Kfz. 7 was an extremely useful vehicle, employed both as a weapons carrier and prime mover by the Wehrmacht.

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Soviet Kliment Vorishilov KV-1 Model 1941 Heavy Tank Soviet Kliment Vorishilov KV-1 Model 1941 Heavy Tank (1:43 Scale)

During 1938, the Soviet design bureau began working on a heavy tank intended to replace the T-35. All the designs were of the multi-turreted type except for one, which it's designers named after Kliment Voroshilov, the defense commissar then in power. Known as the KV-1, this design was far more mobile than the other submissions. It was eventually field tested in the Finnish Winter War of 1940 and was accepted for mass production that summer.

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Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-2 Model 1941 Heavy Tank - For Stalin!, Russia, Autumn 1941 Soviet Kliment Voroshilov KV-2 Model 1941 Heavy Tank (1:43 Scale)

Design on the KV-1 heavy tank began in 1938, with the intention that it should be the successor to the T-35 heavy tank. The first models of the KV-1 were field-tested during the Red Army's disastrous 1940 campaign in Finland.

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German Sd. Kfz. 251 Ausf. C Half-Track - 6.Panzer Division, Eastern Front, 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 251 Ausf. C Half-Track - 6.Panzer Division, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The Sonderkraftfahrzeug (Sd. Kfz.) 251 half-track had its origins in the same requirement as the smaller and lighter Sd. Kfz. 250. Intended as an armored personnel carrier, the Sd. Kfz. 251 entered service in 1939, and quickly became the standard means of transport for the panzergrenadiers.

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German Sd. Kfz. 251/7 Ausf. C Half-Track - Unidentified Unit, Operation Barbarossa, Eastern Front, 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 251/7 Ausf. C Half-Track - Unidentified Unit, Operation Barbarossa, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:72 Scale)

The Sonderkraftfahrzeug (Sd. Kfz.) 251 half-track had its origins in the same requirement as the smaller and lighter Sd. Kfz. 250. Intended as an armored personnel carrier, the Sd. Kfz. 251 entered service in 1939, and quickly became the standard means of transport for the panzergrenadiers.

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German Sd. Kfz. 141 PzKpfw III Ausf. G Medium Tank  - "White 223", 13.Panzer Division, Ukraine, July 1941 German Sd. Kfz. 141 PzKpfw III Ausf. G Medium Tank - "White 223", 13.Panzer Division, Ukraine, July 1941 (1:43 Scale)

As early as 1934/35, General Heinz Guderian envisioned two basic types of armor to act as the lead elements of the future German Panzer Divisions. The first vehicle was to be armed with an anti-tank gun and two machine guns while the second one was to be a support vehicle, armed with a larger caliber gun.

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German Krauss-Maffei Sd. Kfz. 7/1 Prime Mover with 2cm Flakvierling Anti-Aircraft Gun - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 German Krauss-Maffei Sd. Kfz. 7/1 Prime Mover with 2cm Flakvierling Anti-Aircraft Gun - Unidentified Unit, Eastern Front, 1941 (1:32 Scale)

Development of the Sd. Kfz. 7 can be traced back to a 1934 requirement for an 8-ton half-track. The vehicle first appeared in 1938 and was destined to be used mainly as the tractor for the 8.8cm flak gun. The Sd. Kfz. 7 was an extremely useful vehicle, employed both as a weapons carrier and prime mover by the Wehrmacht.

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German Kfz. 70 Krupp Protze 6x4 Cargo Truck - 3.SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf" Eastern Front, 1941 German Kfz. 70 Krupp Protze 6x4 Cargo Truck - 3.SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", Eastern Front, 1941 (1:32 Scale)

The Krupp Protze Kfz. 69 was a light cross-country truck that was developed by Krupp AG in 1930. Delivered to the German national defence forces in 1933, it helped form the concept of motorized units for both the army and the air force and was very popular with the troops due to its good driving characteristics.

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