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World War II: Battle of the Atlantic

World War II: Battle of the Atlantic

The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval military campaigns and offensives) running from 1939 through to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, and was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) against Allied convoys. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and the South Atlantic and going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13th, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after Italy entered the war on June 10th, 1940.

The name "Battle of the Atlantic", coined by Winston Churchill in 1941, covers a campaign that began on the first day of the European war and lasted for six years, involved thousands of ships and stretched over hundreds of miles of the vast ocean and seas in a succession of more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters. Tactical advantage switched back and forth over the six years as new weapons, tactics and counter-measures were developed by both sides. The British and their allies gradually gained the upper hand, driving the German surface raiders from the ocean by the end of 1942 and decisively defeating the U-boats in a series of convoy battles between March and May 1943. New German submarines arrived in 1945, but they were too late to affect the course of the war.

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Royal Navy Grumman F6F Hellcat Fighter - Lt. Cdr. S. G. Orr, HMS Emperor, Norway, 1944 Royal Navy Grumman F6F Hellcat Fighter - Lt. Cdr. S. G. Orr, HMS Emperor, Norway, 1944 (1:72 Scale)

The F6F embodied the early lessons learned by users of Grumman's previous fleet-defense fighter, the Wildcat. In June 1941, Grumman lowered the wing center section to enable the undercarriage to be wider splayed, fitting more armor-plating around the cockpit to protect the pilot while also increasing the fighter's ammunition capacity.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - 821 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Ark Royal, 1940 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - 821 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Ark Royal, 1940 (1:72 Scale)

The Swordfish was a three-man torpedo-bomber and reconnaissance biplane with a basic structure of fabric-covered metal. The wings folded for storage on the crowded deck of an aircraft carrier.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - HMS Furious, Narvik, 1940 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - HMS Furious, Narvik, 1940 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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RAF Chance-Vought Corsair III Fighter - 718 Squadron, FAA Ballyhalbert, Northern Ireland, 1945 RAF Chance-Vought Corsair III Fighter - 718 Naval Air Squadron, FAA Ballyhalbert, Northern Ireland, 1945 (1:72 Scale)

Its gull-wing shape made it instantly recognizeable. Its characteristic sound while in an attack dive led the Japanese to call it "The Whistling Death." Combined with its high speed, agility and toughness, the Vought F4U Corsair was one of the finest fighters ever built.

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Arado Ar 196A-3 Shipboard Reconnaissance Floatplane - D-IHQI, Prototype, 1938 German Arado Ar 196A-3 Shipboard Reconnaissance Floatplane - D-IHQI, Prototype, 1938 (1:72 Scale)

The Ar 196 was a shipboard reconnaissance aircraft built by the German firm Arado starting in 1936. The next year it was selected as the winner of a design contest, and became the standard aircraft of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) throughout World War II.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - FAA/RN Historic Flight, RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron) Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - FAA/RN Historic Flight, RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron) (1:72 Scale)

The Swordfish was a three-man torpedo-bomber and reconnaissance biplane with a basic structure of fabric-covered metal. The wings folded for storage on the crowded deck of an aircraft carrier.

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RAF Chance-Vought F4U Corsair Fighter - Fleet Air Arm 1842 NAS, HMS Formidable, August 1944 RAF Chance-Vought F4U Corsair Fighter - Fleet Air Arm 1842 NAS, HMS Formidable, August 1944 (1:72 Scale)

Its gull-wing shape made it instantly recognizable. Its characteristic sound while in an attack dive led the Japanese to call it "The Whistling Death." Combined with its high speed, agility and toughness, the Vought F4U Corsair was one of the finest fighters ever built.

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RAAF Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft A2-4, RAF Museum Hendon RAAF Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - A2-4, RAF Museum Hendon (1:72 Scale)

The Supermarine Walrus was a British single engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft, designed by R.J. Mitchell who was also responsible for the illustrious Spitfire. The aircraft first flew on June 21st, 1933.

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RAF Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - "276" RAF Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - "276" (1:72 Scale)

The Supermarine Walrus was a British single engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft, designed by R.J. Mitchell who was also responsible for the illustrious Spitfire. The aircraft first flew on June 21st, 1933.

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Irish Air Corp Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - 1939 Irish Air Corp Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - 1939 (1:72 Scale)

The Supermarine Walrus was a British single engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft, designed by R.J. Mitchell who was also responsible for the illustrious Spitfire. The aircraft first flew on June 21st, 1933.

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Royal Navy Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - L2185, 712 Squadron, HMS Sheffield (C24), 1937 Royal Navy Supermarine Seagull Walrus Reconnaissance Aircraft - L2185, 712 Squadron, HMS Sheffield (C24), 1937 (1:72 Scale)

The Supermarine Walrus was a British single engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft, designed by R.J. Mitchell who was also responsible for the illustrious Spitfire. The aircraft first flew on June 21st, 1933.

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RAF Gloster Sea Gladiator Mk. I Fighter - 804 NAS, Fleet Air Arm, 1940 RAF Gloster Sea Gladiator Mk. I Fighter - 804 Naval Air Station, Fleet Air Arm, 1940 (1:72 Scale)

One of the only biplane fighters to have any measurable success in the Second World War, the Gloster Gladiator was the product of a bygone era combining with modernity for one last fling. The Gladiator was obsolete by September 1939, but it still had what it took to make a significant impact on history. Air Ministry specification F.7/30 realized (correctly) that future fighters were going to be faster and better armed.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - Coastal Command, No. 119 Squadron, January 1945 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - Coastal Command, No. 119 Squadron, January 1945 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. II Torpedo Plane - Fleet Air Arm, No. 816 Naval Air Squadron, July 1944 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. II Torpedo Plane - Fleet Air Arm, No. 816 Naval Air Squadron, July 1944 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - 811 Naval Air Squadron, 1938 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - 811 Naval Air Squadron, 1938 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - Fleet Air Arm, 815 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Illustrious, November 1940 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - Fleet Air Arm, 815 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Illustrious, November 1940 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - Lt. Cmdr. Eugene Esmonde VC, Fleet Air Arm, 825 Naval Air Squadron, February 1942 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. III Torpedo Plane - Lt. Cmdr. Eugene Esmonde VC, Fleet Air Arm, 825 Naval Air Squadron, February 1942 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. II Torpedo Plane - LS326, L Flight, No. 836 Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, MAC Ship Rapana, North Atlantic Convoys, 1943 Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. II Torpedo Plane - LS326, 'L' Flight, No. 836 Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, MAC Ship Rapana, North Atlantic Convoys, 1943 (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - L2742, 81 NAS, HMS Courageous, 1937 [Floats] Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - L2742, 81 NAS, HMS Courageous, 1937 [Floats] (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - L2742, 81 NAS, HMS Courageous, 1937 [Wheels] Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish Mk. I Torpedo Plane - L2742, 81 NAS, HMS Courageous, 1937 [Wheels] (1:72 Scale)

The Fairey Swordfish was a torpedo bomber built by the Fairey Aviation Company and used by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during World War II. Affectionately known as the Stringbag by its crews, it was outdated by 1939, but achieved some spectacular successes during the war, such as the destruction of the Regia Marina (the Italian Navy) in Taranto and the famous crippling of the German battleship Bismarck.

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RAF Grumman Hellcat Mk. II Fighter - Fleet Air Arm, No.804 Squadron, 1945 RAF Grumman Hellcat Mk. II Fighter - Fleet Air Arm, No.804 Squadron, 1945 (1:72 Scale)

The F6F embodied the early lessons learned by users of Grumman's previous fleet-defense fighter, the Wildcat. In June 1941, Grumman lowered the wing center section to enable the undercarriage to be wider splayed, fitting more armor-plating around the cockpit to protect the pilot while also increasing the fighter's ammunition capacity.

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RAF Curtiss Mk. I Helldiver Dive-Bomber - JW-104, No.1820 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, 1944 [Closed Dive Brakes] RAF Curtiss Mk. I Helldiver Dive-Bomber - JW-104, No.1820 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, 1944 [Closed Dive Brakes] (1:72 Scale)

The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver was an American aircraft carrier-based dive bomber aircraft produced for the United States Navy during World War II. It replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless in US Navy service. Despite its size, the SB2C was much faster than the SBD it replaced.

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USN Curtiss SB2C-4E Helldiver ASW Aircraft - Black 47, VS-31 Topcats, NAS Atlantic City, New Jersey [Open Dive Brakes] USN Curtiss SB2C-4E Helldiver ASW Aircraft - Black 47, VS-31 "Topcats", NAS Atlantic City, New Jersey [Open Dive Brakes] (1:72 Scale)

The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver was an American aircraft carrier-based dive bomber aircraft produced for the United States Navy during World War II. It replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless in US Navy service. Despite its size, the SB2C was much faster than the SBD it replaced.

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USN Curtiss SB2C-4 Helldiver ASW Aircraft - White 207, VB-83, USS Essex (CV-9), April 1945 USN Curtiss SB2C-4 Helldiver ASW Aircraft - "White 207," VB-83, USS Essex (CV-9), April 1945 (1:72 Scale)

The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver was an American aircraft carrier-based dive bomber aircraft produced for the United States Navy during World War II. It replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless in US Navy service. Despite its size, the SB2C was much faster than the SBD it replaced.

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German Messerschmitt Bf 110E-2 Fighter - "Operation Donnerkeil" G9+JM, 4./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1, St Trond, France, February 1942 German Messerschmitt Bf 110E-2 Fighter - "Operation Donnerkeil", G9+JM, 4./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1, St Trond, France, February 1942 (1:72 Scale)

The Messerschmitt Bf 110 was an aircraft of very mixed fortunes. It has often been criticized for its failure during the Battle of Britain, while its successes in other fields have been largely ignored. Despite not living up to the Luftwaffe's expectations it did manage to serve Germany throughout the Second World War in the long-range escort fighter, fighter-bomber, reconnaissance, ground attack and night fighter roles.

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RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.236 Squadron Coastal Group 16 Coastal Command RAF North Coates England 1944 RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.236 Squadron, Coastal Group 16, Coastal Command, RAF North Coates, England, 1944 (1:72 Scale)

Developed as a private venture by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, the Beaufighter was a two-seat all-metal fighter using components from the Beaufort torpedo-bomber. First flown on July 17th, 1939, the Beaufighter eventually equipped 52 RAF squadrons, giving outstanding service during World War II, in particular as a night-fighter and torpedo-bomber (where the aircraft were affectionally known as 'Torbeaus').

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RCAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.404 Squadron, RAF Coastal Command, 1944 RCAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.404 Squadron, RAF Coastal Command, 1944 (1:72 Scale)

Developed as a private venture by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, the Beaufighter was a two-seat all-metal fighter using components from the Beaufort torpedo-bomber. First flown on July 17th, 1939, the Beaufighter eventually equipped 52 RAF squadrons, giving outstanding service during World War II, in particular as a night-fighter and torpedo-bomber (where the aircraft were affectionally known as 'Torbeaus').

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RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.254 (Coastal Command) Squadron, 1944 RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk. X Torpedo Bomber - No.254 (Coastal Command) Squadron, 1944 (1:72 Scale)

Developed as a private venture by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, the Beaufighter was a two-seat all-metal fighter using components from the Beaufort torpedo-bomber. First flown on July 17th, 1939, the Beaufighter eventually equipped 52 RAF squadrons, giving outstanding service during World War II, in particular as a night-fighter and torpedo-bomber (where the aircraft were affectionally known as 'Torbeaus').

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RAF Bristol Beaufighter TF.X Fighter - No.144 Squadron, RAF Banff, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, February 1945 RAF Bristol Beaufighter TF.X Fighter - No.144 Squadron, RAF Banff, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, February 1945 (1:72 Scale)

Developed as a private venture by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, the Beaufighter was a two-seat all-metal fighter using components from the Beaufort torpedo-bomber. First flown on July 17th, 1939, the Beaufighter eventually equipped 52 RAF squadrons, giving outstanding service during World War II, in particular as a night-fighter and torpedo-bomber (where the aircraft were affectionally known as 'Torbeaus').

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RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk.VIF Fighter - ND 211, Red WM-K, No.68 Squadron (Czech), Fairwood Common Airfield, May 1944 RAF Bristol Beaufighter Mk.VIF Fighter - ND 211, Red WM-K, No.68 Squadron (Czech), Fairwood Common Airfield, May 1944 (1:72 Scale)

Developed as a private venture by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, the Beaufighter was a two-seat all-metal fighter using components from the Beaufort torpedo-bomber. First flown on July 17th, 1939, the Beaufighter eventually equipped 52 RAF squadrons, giving outstanding service during World War II, in particular as a night-fighter and torpedo-bomber (where the aircraft were affectionately known as 'Torbeaus').

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