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Operation Linebacker (May 1972 - October 1972)

Operation Linebacker (May 1972 - October 1972)

The Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959 to April 30th, 1975. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

The Vietcong, the lightly armed South Vietnamese communist insurgency, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The North Vietnamese Army engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large-sized units into battle. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search-and-destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery and air strikes.

The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again in 1962. U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations spanned borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. After this, U.S. ground forces were withdrawn as part of a policy called Vietnamization. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued.

The Case-Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress prohibited use of American military after August 15th, 1973, unless the president secured congressional approval in advance.The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese army in April 1975 marked the end of the Vietnam War. North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.

The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (See: Vietnam War casualties), including 3 to 4 million Vietnamese from both sides, 1.5 to 2 million Laotians and Cambodians, and 58,159 U.S. soldiers. By this war's end, the Vietnamese had been fighting foreign involvement or occupation in various wars for over a hundred years.

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North Vietnamese Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-21PFM Fighter - Nguyen Tien Sam, 921st Regiment North Vietnamese Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-21PFM Fighter - Nguyen Tien Sam, 921st Regiment (1:72 Scale)

The MiG-21 saw frequent action in the Vietnam War and was one of the most advanced aircraft at the time. However, many North Vietnamese aces preferred flying the MiG-17, due to the high wing loading on the MiG-21's. With high wing loading, the MiG-21 was not as agile or manueverable as the MiG-17.

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Vietnamese People's Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PMF "Fishbed" Fighter - 927th Fighter Regiment, Kep Air Base, Vietnam, 1979 Vietnamese People's Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PMF "Fishbed" Fighter - 927th Fighter Regiment, Kep Air Base, Vietnam, 1979 (1:72 Scale)

The MiG-21 saw frequent action in the Vietnam War and was one of the most advanced aircraft at the time. However, many North Vietnamese aces preferred flying the MiG-17, due to the high wing loading on the MiG-21's. With high wing loading, the MiG-21 was not as agile or manueverable as the MiG-17.

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North Vietnamese Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 "Fishbed" Fighter - Lt. Nguyen Hong My, April 1972 [Signature Edition] North Vietnamese Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 "Fishbed" Fighter - Lt. Nguyen Hong My, April 1972 [Signature Edition] (1:72 Scale)

The MiG-21 saw frequent action in the Vietnam War and was one of the most advanced aircraft at the time. However, many North Vietnamese aces preferred flying the MiG-17, due to the high wing loading on the MiG-21's. With high wing loading, the MiG-21 was not as agile or manueverable as the MiG-17.

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North Vietnamese Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 "Fishbed" Fighter - Lt. Nguyen Hong My, April 1972 North Vietnamese Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 "Fishbed" Fighter - Lt. Nguyen Hong My, April 1972 (1:72 Scale)

The MiG-21 saw frequent action in the Vietnam War and was one of the most advanced aircraft at the time. However, many North Vietnamese aces preferred flying the MiG-17, due to the high wing loading on the MiG-21's. With high wing loading, the MiG-21 was not as agile or manueverable as the MiG-17.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - "Terrible Tyke", 8th TFW, 497th TFS "Night Owls," Ubon RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - "Terrible Tyke", 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, "Night Owls," Ubon RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4E Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Capt. Steve Ritchie and RIO Capt. Chuck DeBellevue, "Paula 1", 58th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Gorillas", 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Udorn RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 USAF McDonnell F-4E Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Capt. Steve Ritchie and RIO Capt. Chuck DeBellevue, "Paula 1", 58th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Gorillas", 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Udorn RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Maj. Dan Cherry, 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April 1972 [Signature Editon] USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Maj. Dan Cherry, 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April 1972 [Signature Editon] (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Maj. Dan Cherry, 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April 1972 USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Maj. Dan Cherry, 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, April 1972 (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 433rd Tactical Fighter Squadron "Satan's Angels", 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Ubon AFB, Thailand USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 433rd Tactical Fighter Squadron "Satan's Angels", 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Ubon AFB, Thailand (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - "Aloha Alert," 199th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Fightning Tikis", 154th Tactical Fighter Group, Hawaii ANG USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - "Aloha Alert," 199th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Fightning Tikis", 154th Tactical Fighter Group, Hawaii ANG (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Capt. Steve Ritchie, 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Triple Nickel", 12th Tactical Fighter Wing, Udorn RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 [Signature Edition] USAF McDonnell F-4D Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - Capt. Richard "Steve" Ritchie, 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Triple Nickel", 12th Tactical Fighter Wing, Udorn RTAFB, Thailand, 1972 [Signature Edition] (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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US Navy McDonnell F-4J Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 157269, VF-92 "Silver Kings", USS Constellation (CV-64), May 1972 US Navy McDonnell F-4J Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 157269, VF-92 "Silver Kings", USS Constellation (CV-64), May 1972 (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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US Navy McDonnell F-4J Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 157245, VF-114 "Aardvarks", USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), 1972 US Navy McDonnell F-4J Phantom II Fighter-Bomber - 157245, VF-114 "Aardvarks", USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), 1972 (1:72 Scale)

Known as the "MiG Killer," the F-4 Phantom was an unlikely hero given its unique design. Unlike traditionally smaller and sleeker single-seat fighters, the Phantom broke all the rules. It was huge, had bent wings, and a two-man crew, and was one of the first aircraft to carry missile armament.

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US Navy Vought A-7E Corsair II Attack Aircraft - VA-86 "Sidewinders", USS America (CV-66), 1972 US Navy Vought A-7E Corsair II Attack Aircraft - VA-86 "Sidewinders", USS America (CV-66), 1972 (1:72 Scale)

The Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair II is a carrier-based subsonic light attack aircraft design that was introduced to replace the A-4 Skyhawk in US Naval service and based on the successful supersonic F-8 Crusader aircraft produced by Chance Vought.

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US Navy Vought A-7E Corsair II Attack Aircraft - VA-93 "Blue Blazers", USS Midway (CV-41), 1979 US Navy Vought A-7E Corsair II Attack Aircraft - VA-93 "Blue Blazers", USS Midway (CV-41), 1979 (1:72 Scale)

The Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair II is a carrier-based subsonic light attack aircraft design that was introduced to replace the A-4 Skyhawk in US Naval service and based on the successful supersonic F-8 Crusader aircraft produced by Chance Vought.

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US Navy Lockheed S-3A Viking Anti-Submarine Aircraft - 159769, VS-31 "Topcats", USS Independence (CV-62), 1972 US Navy Lockheed S-3A Viking Anti-Submarine Aircraft - 159769, VS-31 "Topcats", USS Independence (CV-62), 1972 (1:72 Scale)

The Navy began what became the S-3 Viking program in 1964 to replace the piston-powered S-2 Tracker. Known originally as VSX - for "carrier-based antisubmarine warfare aircraft-X" - a formal request for proposal was issued in April 1968.

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USAF Republic F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasel Aircraft - 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron "Wild Weasel", Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, 1972 USAF Republic F-105G Thunderchief Wild Weasel Aircraft - 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron "Wild Weasel", Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, 1972 (1:72 Scale)

The Republic F-105 Thunderchief was a supersonic fighter-bomber used by the United States Air Force. The Mach 2 capable F-105 bore the brunt of strike bombing over North Vietnam during the early years of the Vietnam War.

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USAF General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark Strike Aircraft - 429th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Black Falcons", 474th Tactical Fighter Wing, Thailand, 1972 USAF General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark" Strike Aircraft - 429th Tactical Fighter Squadron "Black Falcons", 474th Tactical Fighter Wing, Thailand, 1972 (1:72 Scale)

The General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark" is a medium-range interdictor and tactical strike aircraft that also fills the roles of strategic bomber, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare in its various versions. Developed in the 1960s and first entering service in 1967, the United States Air Force (USAF) variants were officially retired by 1998.

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